Timekeeping, Chronometry, and Calendars: Their Relationship to Archaeoastronomy in Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt was and still is a cradle and a tributary of the tributaries of creative civilization in various scientific، practical، literary and theoretical fields. The cultures of Egyptian society seemed old، but they still continue in light of the intellectual and scientific legacies، as the ancient Egyptian society had a rich and fertile cultural and civilizational heritage as well. Throughout its historical ages and civilizational eras، Egypt has not had a single Nile that overflows its land with abundant water، as it is the water of life. The Nile River was only one of several rivers represented by the River of Beliefs، which is considered one of the longest rivers in the world from the perspective of its beliefs and doctrines. This river appeared and emerged with fear of the unknown and seeking protection and surrender to a number of gods، and it ended with belief in one god. There is a third river that includes different cultures، sciences، civilizations، and mythologies، which is the scientific study of myths. It is noted that myths were the first attempts of humanity during ancient times to explain natural phenomena and societal phenomena، as they lacked a scientific explanation for those phenomena. So they resorted to imagination and symbolism; that is، the myth for the ancient Egyptians was the answer to the question: How does a certain natural phenomenon occur، or a certain social phenomenon? The answer results from the content of the question: Why do they occur? This was like human radiations that merged in one crucible with each other، so that they became a unit and a cohesion that contributed to the development of man and expressed the extent of his continued growth and vitality. The current study includes answering the question of what is the science of timekeeping and the concept of time and timing? In addition to answering the question of how many calendars were there in ancient Egypt? And the extent of its relationship to archaeological astronomy in ancient Egyptian civilization. The current study aims، through a comparative analytical methodology، to uncover the content of the problems and complexities inherent in the fields of astronomy، the most important of which are the concepts of timing، time، and calendars in ancient Egyptian civilization.